how did auguste rodin die

Rodin had wanted it located near the town hall, where it would engage the public. A British journalist who visited the property noted in 1902 that in its complete isolation, there was "a striking analogy between its situation and the personality of the man who lives in it". By Murray Whyte Globe Staff,Updated July 15, 2022, 7:00 a.m. Auguste Rodin . He demanded an inquiry and was eventually exonerated by a committee of sculptors. This article is about the sculptor. Claudel inspired Rodin as a model for many of his figures, and she was a talented sculptor, assisting him on commissions as well as creating her own works. Commenting on Rodin's monument to Victor Hugo, The Times in 1909 expressed that "there is some show of reason in the complaint that [Rodin's] conceptions are sometimes unsuited to his medium, and that in such cases they overstrain his vast technical powers". 4107 askART artist summary of Auguste Rodin. Franois Auguste Ren Rodin (12 November 1840 - 17 November 1917) was a French sculptor, generally considered the founder of modern sculpture. Mit ihm beginnt das Zeitalter der modernen Skulptur. Rodin had two women during his lifetime 6. ". 16. Rodin had begun to work with the sculptor Albert Carrier-Belleuse when, in 1864, his first submission to the official Salon exhibition, The Man with the Broken Nose, was rejected. Its blend of eroticism and idealism makes it one of the great images of sexual love. [8] The sculptor often made quick sketches in clay that were later fine-tuned, cast in plaster, and cast in bronze or carved from marble. Much of Rodin's later work was explicitly larger or smaller than life, in part to demonstrate the folly of such accusations. In 1862, Rodin's sister, Maria, died suddenly, and Rodin, laid low with grief, entered the order of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. [101], The relative ease of making reproductions has also encouraged many forgeries: a survey of expert opinion placed Rodin in the top ten most-faked artists. In 1913 a bronze casting of the Calais group was installed in the gardens of Parliament in London to commemorate the intervention of the English queen who had compelled her husband, King Edward, to show clemency to the heroes. [62] As Rodin's fame grew, he attracted many followers, including the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, and authors Octave Mirbeau, Joris-Karl Huysmans, and Oscar Wilde. Show Filters. These include Gutzon Borglum, Antoine Bourdelle, Constantin Brncui, Camille Claudel, Charles Despiau, Malvina Hoffman, Carl Milles, Franois Pompon, Rodo, Gustav Vigeland, Clara Westhoff and Margaret Winser,[90] even though Brancusi later rejected his legacy. In Brussels, Rodin created his first full-scale work, The Age of Bronze, having returned from Italy. From "You Must Change Your Life: The Story of Rainer Maria Rilke and Auguste Rodin". About 1885 he became the lover of one of his students, Camille Claudel, the gifted sister of the poet Paul Claudel. Philadelphia Museum of Art. For almost a century, she was largely ignored by art history, overshadowed by her confinement in a mental institution for the last 30 years of her life. [82] In 1923, Marcell Tirel, Rodin's secretary, published a book alleging that Rodin's death was largely due to cold, and the fact that he had no heat at Meudon. One year into the commission, the Calais committee was not impressed with Rodin's progress. 40 results. He agreed to spare them if six of the principal citizens would come to him prepared to die, bareheaded and barefooted and with ropes around their necks. [53] Early subjects included fellow sculptor Jules Dalou (1883) and companion Camille Claudel (1884). With samples of his work found around the world, his legacy continues to be studied and deeply admired by fellow artists, experts, scholars and art connoisseurs, as well as those with an untrained eye. [44] The 1897 plaster model was not cast in bronze until 1964. Auguste Rodin lived up to the hype with a smooth victory in the Vertem Futurity Trophy Stakes at Doncaster. Rodin and Beuret's modest country estate in Meudon, purchased in 1897, was a host to such guests as King Edward, dancer Isadora Duncan, and harpsichordist Wanda Landowska. [57], Rodin's talent for surface modeling allowed him to let every part of the body speak for the whole. Although Rodin wished to exhibit the completed "Gates" by the end of the decade, the project proved to be more time-consuming than originally anticipated and remained uncompleted. This unachieved monument was the framework out of which he created independent sculptural figures and groups, among them his famous The Thinker, originally conceived as a seated portrait of Dante for the upper part of the door. Rodin's other students included Antoine Bourdelle, Constantin Brncui, and Charles Despiau. [citation needed], During the Hundred Years' War, the army of King Edward III besieged Calais, and Edward ordered that the town's population be killed en masse. Auguste Rodin. "[76], During his later creative years, Rodin's work turned increasingly toward the female form, and themes of more overt masculinity and femininity. [6] Entrance requirements were not particularly high at the Grande cole,[7] so the rejections were considerable setbacks. Rodin was born Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin on November 12, 1840, in Paris, France, to mother Marie Cheffer and father Jean-Baptiste Rodin, a police inspector. How did August Rodin die? He began to achieve recognition for his work with The Age of Bronze, created in 1876. In 1876, Rodin completed his piece "The Vanquished" (later renamed "The Age of Bronze"), a sculpture of a nude man clenching both of his fists, with his right hand hanging over his head. His drawing teacher Horace Lecoq de Boisbaudran believed in first developing the personality of his students so that they observed with their own eyes and drew from their recollections, and Rodin expressed appreciation for his teacher much later in life. The artistic community knew his name. A prolific artist, he created thousands of busts, figures, and sculptural fragments over more than five decades. The figures and groups in this, Rodin's meditation on the condition of man, are physically and morally isolated in their torment.[36]. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Rodin vigorously denied the charges, writing to newspapers and having photographs taken of the model to prove how the sculpture differed. [97][98] Henry Moore acknowledged Rodin's seminal influence on his work. In 1857, Rodin submitted a clay model of a companion to the cole des Beaux-Arts in an attempt to win entrance; he did not succeed, and two further applications were also denied. [29] As their relationship came to a close, despite his genuine feeling for her, Rodin eventually resorted to the use of concirges and secretaries to keep her at a distance.[29]. Rodin's focus was on the handling of clay. Many of the portal's figures became sculptures in themselves, including Rodin's most famous, The Thinker and The Kiss. [1] Hoewel Rodin in die algemeen beskou word as die vader van moderne beeldhouwerk,[2] het hy nie deur sy werk teen die verlede probeer rebelleer nie. They would describe a boy too busy etching his dull blade into wood to eat. 5 reviews This volume examines the sculptures and drawings of Auguste Rodin (1840-1917). Material: Bronze Casting. The piece, which includes six human statues, depicts a war account during which six French citizens from Calais were ordered by monarch Edward III of England to abandon their home and surrender themselves barefoot and bareheaded, wearing ropes around their necks and holding the keys to the town and the caste in their hands to the king, who was to order their execution thereafter. When Rodin died in 1917, he bequeathed not only his work to the Muse Rodin in Paris, but also authorization to produce and sell up to 12 bronze sculptures from each of some 7,000 molds. [16] Although the museum was never built, Rodin worked throughout his life on The Gates of Hell, a monumental sculptural group depicting scenes from Dante's Inferno in high relief. [18], Rodin's relationship with Turquet was rewarding: through him, he won the 1880 commission to create a portal for a planned museum of decorative arts. Auguste Rodin, generally regarded as the finest sculptor of all time, whose emotive style foreshadowed that of the modern movement and abstraction sculpture, sparked significant debate during his lifetime, and his works were frequently treated with disdain and incomprehension by his contemporaries. Biography and associated logos are trademarks of A+E Networksprotected in the US and other countries around the globe. Later that year, in November 1917, Auguste Rodin died of complications of influenza. The Thinker (originally titled The Poet, after Dante) was to become one of the best-known sculptures in the world. [citation needed], The Shade (188081), High Museum of Art, Atlanta, By 1900, Rodin's artistic reputation was entrenched. "[8] A modern critic, indeed, claims that Balzac is one of Rodin's masterpieces.[47]. His sculpture emphasized the individual and the concreteness of flesh, and suggested emotion through detailed, textured surfaces, and the interplay of light and shadow. [citation needed], In 1883, Rodin agreed to supervise a course for sculptor Alfred Boucher in his absence, where he met the 18-year-old Camille Claudel. Deutsch: Auguste Rodin (* 12. Two weeks after the ceremony, Rose, Madame de Rodin and her eternal muse, died and they say that with a smile on her lips. Attempting to combine Michelangelo's mastery of the human form with his own sense of human nature, Rodin studied his model from all angles, at rest and in motion; he mounted a ladder for additional perspective, and made clay models, which he studied by candlelight. Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. A whole generation of sculptors studied in his workshop. He pursued an opportunity to create a historical monument for the town of Calais. Many of Rodin's most notable sculptures were criticized, as they clashed with predominant figurative sculpture traditions in which works were decorative, formulaic, or highly thematic. [89] To honor Rodin's artistic legacy, the Google search engine homepage displayed a Google Doodle featuring The Thinker to celebrate his 172nd birthday on 12 November 2012. On his own time, he worked on studies leading to the creation of his next important work, St. John the Baptist Preaching. Sculpture is the art of the hole and the lump. In 1860, in hope of becoming a sculptor, he vowed to enter the reputed School of Fine Arts but was refused three times. "Rilke's observations are wonderfully astute. Introduction. Through Henley, Rodin met Robert Louis Stevenson and Robert Browning, in whom he found further support. After being commissioned to create an entrance piece for a planned museum (which was never built) in 1880, Rodin began working on "The Gates of Hell," an intricate monument partially inspired by Dante's Divine Comedy and Charles Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal. Alternate titles: Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin, Research Professor of Fine Arts, York University, Toronto, 197075. Born 1840. How about Rodin? Bowman Sculpture. Rodin, one of the greatest sculptors of the 19th, early 20th century. Rodin's breakthrough work, "The Age of Bronze" (modelled in 1876), made when he was thirty-six, is beautiful: a nude youth, life-sized, rests his weight on one leg, lifts his face with eyes. Soon, Rodin was drawing frequently, wherever he could, and whatever he saw or imagined. The monument had its supporters in Rodin's day; a manifesto defending him was signed by Monet, Debussy, and future Premier Georges Clemenceau, among many others. Rodin was born in 1840 into a working-class family in Paris, the second child of Marie Cheffer and Jean-Baptiste Rodin, who was a police department clerk. The patient's condition is grave. In 1864, Rodin began to live with a young seamstress named Rose Beuret (born in June 1844),[9] with whom he stayed for the rest of his life, with varying commitment. Hy is op 'n tradisionele wyse opgevoed, en het 'n soort vakman-benadering tot sy werk gehad, en gestrewe na akademiese erkenning,[3] hoewel hy nooit deur Parys se . He turned away from art and joined the Catholic order of the Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament. Auguste Rodin (1840 - 1917) was active/lived in France. [70] After Hallowell's death, her niece, the painter Harriet Hallowell, inherited the Rodins and after her death, the American heirs could not manage to match their value in order to export them, so they became the property of the French state. At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, he left Paris for Brussels, but it was a . [86] In the three decades following his death, his popularity waned with changing aesthetic values. Auguste Rodin Full Name: Francois-Auguste-Rene Rodin Short Name: Rodin Date of Birth: 12 Nov 1840 Date of Death: 17 Nov 1917 Focus: Sculpture, Drawings Mediums: Metal, Clay Subjects: Figure Art Movement: Impressionism Hometown: Paris, France Auguste Rodin Page's Content Artistic Context Biography Style and Technique Who or What Influenced Works Commissioned to create a monument to French writer Victor Hugo in 1889, Rodin dealt extensively with the subject of artist and muse. Developing his creative. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. She destroyed many of her statues, went missing for long periods of time, exhibited signs of paranoia and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. Died 1917. [32] Others rallied to defend the piece and Rodin's integrity. [68], Bust of Dalou and Burgher of Calais were on display in the official French pavilion at the fair and so between the works that were on display and those that were not, he was noticed. In appreciation for her efforts at unlocking the American market, Rodin eventually presented Hallowell with a bronze, a marble and a terra cotta. The male's passion in The Thinker is suggested by the grip of his toes on the rock, the rigidness of his back, and the differentiation of his hands. [50][51] He also produced a single lithograph. [40] The six men portrayed do not display a united, heroic front;[41] rather, each is isolated from his brothers, individually deliberating and struggling with his expected fate. How old was Auguste Rodin at death? They occupy the Htel Biron in Paris as the Muse Rodin and are still placed as Rodin set them. Rodin died on November 17, 1917, in Meudon, France, passing away months after the death of his partner Rose Beuret. Soon, he stopped working at the porcelain factory; his income came from private commissions. ', Your Privacy Choices: Opt Out of Sale/Targeted Ads, Name: Auguste Rodin, Birth Year: 1840, Birth date: November 12, 1840, Birth City: Paris, Birth Country: France, Best Known For: French sculptor Auguste Rodin is known for creating several iconic works, including 'The Age of Bronze,' 'The Thinker,' 'The Kiss' and 'The Burghers of Calais. See also: Sculpture. Rodin's intent had been to show Balzac at the moment of conceiving a work[45] to express courage, labor, and struggle. Rodin portrayed the burghers with necks encircled by ropes, their bodies covered only by rough robes, as they walk barefoot to deliver the keys of the town. French statesman Leon Gambetta expressed a desire to meet Rodin, and the sculptor impressed him when they met at a salon. She died two weeks later. One of Rodin's best-known compositions, The Walking Man introduced radical notions of sculptural truncation and assembly into the modern artistic canon. Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) is renowned for breathing life into clay, creating naturalistic, often vigorously modelled sculptures which convey intense human emotions: love, ecstasy, agony or grief. Foi educado tradicionalmente, teve o artesanato como abordagem em seu . We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,contact us! Between ages 14 and 17, he attended the Petite cole, a school specializing in art and mathematics where he studied drawing and painting. On January 28, 1917 they were married, that is, 53 years after they began to live together. Rodin held a career in the decorative arts for some time, working on public monuments as his home city was in the throes of urban renewal. The Biron Hotel in Paris, which he had saved and worked in, has become the lovely Muse Rodin, where his sculpture is on display as he left it. [16] In competitions for commissions he submitted models of Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Lazare Carnot, all to no avail. Updates? The statue's apparent lack of a theme was troubling to critics commemorating neither mythology nor a noble historical event and it is not clear whether Rodin intended a theme. He made solid objects from stone or clay. Auguste Rodin created a new style of sculpture 2. His original conception was similar to that of the 15th-century Italian sculptor Lorenzo Ghiberti in his The Gates of Paradise doors for the Baptistery in Florence. She found herself on the streets of Paris, dressed in beggar's clothes. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Where was he born?, What did his school focus on?, What was the school called that meant fine arts? [3] He was largely self-educated,[4] and began to draw at age 10. Corrections? When Rodin was 76 years old he gave the French government the entire collection of his own works and other art objects he had acquired. Two weeks later, Beuret died. However, he came to know Sarah Tyson Hallowell (18461924), a curator from Chicago who visited Paris to arrange exhibitions at the large Interstate Expositions of the 1870s and 1880s. The Thinker was originally conceived not in heroic isolation, but as part of Rodin's monumental Gates of Hella pair of bronze doors intended for a museum of decorative arts in Paris. The French artist Auguste Rodin created some of the best-known sculptures in art history, including The Thinker (1902), The Burghers of Calais (1884-1889), and The Kiss (1882-1889). Rodin willed to the French state his studio and the right to make casts from his plasters. His student, Camille Claudel, became his associate, lover, and creative rival. His muse was a great artist as well 7. Rodin had one sibling, a sister two years his senior, Maria. Sculptural fragments to Rodin were autonomous works, and he considered them the essence of his artistic statement. Nationality French. In 1880, Carrier-Belleuse then art director of the Svres national porcelain factory offered Rodin a part-time position as a designer. However, the works he gave Hallowell to sell found no takers, but she soon brought the controversial Quaker-born financier Charles Yerkes (18371905) into the fold and he purchased two large marbles for his Chicago manse;[68] Yerkes was likely the first American to own a Rodin sculpture. Rodin possessed a unique ability to model a complex, turbulent, and deeply pocketed surface in clay. On view. Regardless of the immediate receptions of St. John and The Age of Bronze, Rodin had achieved a new degree of fame. One of the studies, a terracotta head ( 12.11.1 ), comes from the early stages of Rodin's work on the monument. Rodin based this sculptural group work on Inferno, the first section of Dante's epic poem The Divine Comedy, the narrative of which traces Dante's journey through Hell, Purgatory and Heaven.In Inferno, Dante is guided through Hell by the ancient Roman poet Virgil. The theme of its scenes was borrowed from Dantes Divine Comedy, and eventually it came to be called The Gates of Hell. Csaldnevk a dialektusukban vrset jelent s valban, ezt a csald minden tagja magn viselte. "The hand of Rodin worked not as the hand of a sculptor works, but as the work of Elan Vital. His The Gates of Hell, commissioned in 1880 for the future Museum of the Decorative Arts in Paris, remained unfinished at his death but nonetheless resulted in two of Rodins most famous images: The Thinker and The Kiss. When the museum's wide spectrum of his plasters . For other people named Rodin, see, Ludovici, Anthony M. (1923). The relaxed and easy attitude of the "Ath. Artist: Auguste Rodin. Rodin, however, would have multiple plasters made and treat them as the raw material of sculpture, recombining their parts and figures into new compositions, and new names. Near the end of his life, Rodin donated sculptures, drawings and reproduction rights to the French government. Place of Origin: France. His art is in evidence as soon as visitors arrive at the museum, where the massive statue "The Thinker" dominates the Court of Honor. He started to take classes when he was 10 years old, he wanted to become a great sculptor since he was a yound child. He left in 1863. 1. [100] Furthermore, the Rodin Studios artists' cooperative housing in New York City, completed in 1917 to designs by Cass Gilbert, was named after Rodin. In fact, he did work that was so life-like, he was accused of making casts . Their relationship is said to have inspired many of the artist's more overtly amorous works, including 1882's "The Kiss.". With the arrival of the Franco-Prussian War, Rodin was called to serve in the French National Guard, but his service was brief due to his near-sightedness. During his lifetime, Rodin was compared to Michelangelo,[38] and was widely recognized as the greatest artist of the era. After 53 years into their relationship, he married Rose Beuret. [72] (Rodin later returned the favor by sculpting a bust of Henley that was used as the frontispiece to Henley's collected works and, after his death, on his monument in London.)[73]. Rodin dedicated much of the next four decades to his elaborate Gates of Hell, an unfinished portal for a museum that was never built. "[25], Claudel and Rodin parted in 1898. Later, he signed on as an assistant . Auguste Rodin, who died on November 17, 1917, and Rose Beuret are buried together in Meudon, France. (Decades later, curator Lonce Bndite initiated the reconstruction of the fragmented work for a 1928 bronze casting.) Rodin first exhibited it in 1888. The origins of the sculpture can be traced to 1880, when Rodin, who had been born in a working-class district of Paris as the son of a police clerk, was approaching 40. He is known for such sculptures as The Thinker, Monument to Balzac, The Kiss, The Burghers of Calais, and The Gates of Hell. A young man working at a vase factory in Svres. Rodin later worked under fellow sculptor Albert-Ernest Carrier-Belleuse and took on a major project assigned to him in Brussels, Belgium. Rodin earned his living collaborating with more established sculptors on public commissions, primarily memorials and neo-baroque architectural pieces in the style of Carpeaux. Rodin attended exhibitions of his drawings and sculptures around the world and was honored for his. [19][20][21][22] Her Bust of Rodin was displayed to critical acclaim at the 1892 Salon. [40] Though the town envisioned an allegorical, heroic piece centered on Eustache de Saint-Pierre, the eldest of the six men, Rodin conceived the sculpture as a study in the varied and complex emotions under which all six men were laboring. During the years of passion, Rodin executed sculptures of numerous couples in the throes of desire. Due to poor vision, Rodin was greatly distressed at a young age. Clear all. [40], In the market for sculpture, plagued by fakes, the value of a piece increases significantly when its provenance can be established. That bronze door was to be the great effort of Rodins life. [32], Its mastery of form, light, and shadow made the work look so naturalistic that Rodin was accused of surmoulage having taken a cast from a living model. This 1882 bronze statue by French sculptor Auguste Rodin (1840-1917) can be found in Harlow in Essex. Dimensions: 26 3/4 x 17 1/2 x 21 1/2 inches (67.9 x 44.4 x 54.6 cm) Museum: Rodin Museum, Philadelphia. He painted in oils (especially in his thirties) and in watercolors. [citation needed], Since clay deteriorates rapidly if not kept wet or fired into a terra-cotta, sculptors used plaster casts as a means of securing the composition they would make from the fugitive material that is clay. Auguste Rodin was a sculptor whose work had a huge influence on modern art. Like many of Rodin's public commissions, Monument to Victor Hugo was met with resistance because it did not fit conventional expectations. While The Age of Bronze is statically posed, St. John gestures and seems to move toward the viewer. Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin, fdd 12 november 1840 i Paris, dd 17 november 1917 i Meudon i Frankrike, var en fransk skulptr, tecknare, grafiker och fotograf . The realized sculpture displays Balzac cloaked in the drapery, looking forcefully into the distance with deeply gouged features. The work emphasized texture and the emotional state of the subject; it illustrated the "unfinishedness" that would characterize many of Rodin's later sculptures. Rodin completed work on The Burghers of Calais within two years, but the monument was not dedicated until 1895. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Rodin himself was ill that year; in January, he suffered weakness from influenza and soon died. His early independent work included also several portrait studies of Beuret. While the artists glory continued to increase, his private life was troubled by the numerous liaisons into which his unbridled sensuality plunged him. His execution of both sculptures clashed with traditional tastes, and met with varying degrees of disapproval from the organizations that sponsored the commissions. Under those influences, he molded the bronze The Vanquished, his first original work, the painful expression of a vanquished energy aspiring to rebirth. They married on 29 January 1917, and Beuret died two weeks later, on 16 February. His relationship with Carrier-Belleuse had deteriorated, but he found other employment in Brussels, displaying some works at salons, and his companion Rose soon joined him there. His . Auguste Rodin lived in Paris, France. His fragments perhaps lacking arms, legs, or a head took sculpture further from its traditional role of portraying likenesses, and into a realm where forms existed for their own sake. Because of his technique and the frankness of some of his work, he did not have an easy time selling his work to American industrialists. [13] Rodin said, "It is Michelangelo who has freed me from academic sculpture. He modeled the human body with naturalism, and his sculptures celebrate individual character and physicality. Prolific, inventive, and influential, Auguste Rodin (b. The Muse Rodin holds 7,000 of his drawings and prints, in chalk and charcoal, and thirteen vigorous drypoints. However, the piece wasn't unveiled there until more than a decade later, in 1895. It would commemorate the six townspeople of Calais who offered their lives to save their fellow citizens. Rodin produced other major sculptures over the ensuing years, including monuments to French literary greats Victor Hugo and Honor de Balzac. [26] Claudel suffered an alleged nervous breakdown several years later and was confined to an institution for 30 years by her family, until her death in 1943, despite numerous attempts by doctors to explain to her mother and brother that she was sane. Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin (Paris, 12 de novembro de 1840 Meudon, 17 de novembro de 1917), mais conhecido como Auguste Rodin (/ o u s t r o d n /), foi um escultor francs. Auguste Rodin, in full Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin, (born November 12, 1840, Paris, Francedied November 17, 1917, Meudon), French sculptor of sumptuous bronze and marble figures, considered by some critics to be the greatest portraitist in the history of sculpture. [28] John had a fervent attachment to Rodin and would write to him thousands of times over the next ten years. The inspiration of Michelangelo and Donatello rescued him from the academicism of his working experience. Unaware of his imperfect eyesight, a dejected Rodin found comfort in drawingan activity that allowed the youngster to clearly see his progress as he practiced on drawing paper. Dr Franois-Auguste-Ren Rodin [fswa ogyst ne d] isch e franzsische Bildhauer und Zichner gsi. Auguste Rodin's long relationship with Rose Beuret withstood many difficulties, including a fifteen-year relationship he had with sculptor Camille Claudel In the late 1890s, Rodin was commissioned to do commemorative statues of Victor Hugo and Honore de Balzac. Nothing is a waste of time if you use the experience wisely.

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